{
  "meta": {
    "key": "ai_compute",
    "title": "AI Training Compute",
    "unit": "PF-days",
    "category": "AI",
    "source": "Epoch AI, Notable AI Models",
    "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/notable-ai-models",
    "verified": "2026-09-06",
    "url": "https://exponentialtracker.com/curve/ai_compute",
    "csv": "https://exponentialtracker.com/data/ai_compute.csv",
    "json": "https://exponentialtracker.com/data/ai_compute.json",
    "retrievedFrom": "Compiled by Exponential Tracker and re-derived from the source named above. Rebuilt on every deploy, so re-fetch rather than trusting a saved copy to be current.",
    "rights": "The underlying data belongs to Epoch AI, Notable AI Models. This compilation may be reused with attribution to Exponential Tracker. No licence is claimed or implied over the source data.",
    "citation": "Exponential Tracker, \"AI Training Compute\", exponentialtracker.com/curve/ai_compute, data verified 2026-09-06. Underlying source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models."
  },
  "data": [
    {
      "year": 2013.04,
      "value": 0.03024,
      "label": "DistBelief: first to beat a 2007 record"
    },
    {
      "year": 2014.92,
      "value": 3.444,
      "label": "SNM-skip"
    },
    {
      "year": 2016.07,
      "value": 21.99,
      "label": "AlphaGo Lee"
    },
    {
      "year": 2016.73,
      "value": 76.62,
      "label": "GNMT"
    },
    {
      "year": 2018.33,
      "value": 101.2,
      "label": "ResNeXt-101 32x48d"
    },
    {
      "year": 2019.83,
      "value": 1247,
      "label": "AlphaStar"
    },
    {
      "year": 2020.4,
      "value": 3634,
      "label": "GPT-3"
    },
    {
      "year": 2021.67,
      "value": 23690,
      "label": "FLAN 137B"
    },
    {
      "year": 2022.49,
      "value": 31730,
      "label": "Minerva (540B)"
    },
    {
      "year": 2023.2,
      "value": 243100,
      "label": "GPT-4"
    },
    {
      "year": 2023.93,
      "value": 578700,
      "label": "Gemini 1.0 Ultra"
    },
    {
      "year": 2025.52,
      "value": 5787000,
      "label": "Grok 4: 5e26 FLOP"
    }
  ]
}