{
  "meta": {
    "key": "haitz_law",
    "title": "Haitz’s Law: LED Lumens per Dollar",
    "unit": "lm/$",
    "category": "Energy",
    "source": "Haitz et al., Sandia SAND2000-1612 / DOE SSL roadmaps",
    "sourceUrl": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/solid-state-lighting",
    "verified": "2026-09-06",
    "url": "https://exponentialtracker.com/curve/haitz_law",
    "csv": "https://exponentialtracker.com/data/haitz_law.csv",
    "json": "https://exponentialtracker.com/data/haitz_law.json",
    "retrievedFrom": "Compiled by Exponential Tracker and re-derived from the source named above. Rebuilt on every deploy, so re-fetch rather than trusting a saved copy to be current.",
    "rights": "The underlying data belongs to Haitz et al., Sandia SAND2000-1612 / DOE SSL roadmaps. This compilation may be reused with attribution to Exponential Tracker. No licence is claimed or implied over the source data.",
    "citation": "Exponential Tracker, \"Haitz’s Law: LED Lumens per Dollar\", exponentialtracker.com/curve/haitz_law, data verified 2026-09-06. Underlying source: Haitz et al., Sandia SAND2000-1612 / DOE SSL roadmaps."
  },
  "data": [
    {
      "year": 1970,
      "value": 0.006,
      "label": "Early red indicator"
    },
    {
      "year": 1975,
      "value": 0.02
    },
    {
      "year": 1980,
      "value": 0.07
    },
    {
      "year": 1985,
      "value": 0.2
    },
    {
      "year": 1990,
      "value": 0.7
    },
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "value": 2.5,
      "label": "High-brightness era"
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "value": 7,
      "label": "Haitz’s Law articulated; white LEDs ~$150/klm"
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "value": 35
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "value": 200,
      "label": "LED bulbs go mainstream, ~$5/klm"
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "value": 714,
      "label": "DOE: $1.40/klm cool-white package"
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "value": 1111,
      "label": "DOE: $0.90/klm"
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "value": 1136,
      "label": "DOE: $0.88/klm — three near-flat years"
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "value": 1852,
      "label": "DOE: $0.54/klm — last observed package price"
    }
  ]
}